Added support for the database engine plugin system for extending sqlc with new databases (in addition to PostgreSQL, Dolphin, sqlite)

docs/howto/engine-plugins.md

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# Database Engine Plugins
+
+sqlc supports adding custom database backends through engine plugins. This allows you to use sqlc with databases that aren't natively supported (like MyDB, CockroachDB, or other SQL-compatible databases).
+
+## Overview
+
+Engine plugins are external programs that implement the sqlc engine interface:
+- **Process plugins** (Go): Communicate via **Protocol Buffers** over stdin/stdout
+- **WASM plugins** (any language): Communicate via **JSON** over stdin/stdout
+
+## Compatibility Guarantee
+
+For Go process plugins, compatibility is guaranteed at **compile time**:
+
+```go
+import "github.com/sqlc-dev/sqlc/pkg/engine"
+```
+
+When you import this package:
+- If your plugin compiles successfully → it's compatible with this version of sqlc
+- If types change incompatibly → your plugin won't compile until you update it
+
+The Protocol Buffer schema ensures binary compatibility. No version negotiation needed.
+
+## Configuration
+
+### sqlc.yaml
+
+```yaml
+version: "2"
+
+# Define engine plugins
+engines:
+  - name: mydb
+    process:
+      cmd: sqlc-engine-mydb
+    env:
+      - MYDB_CONNECTION_STRING
+
+sql:
+  - engine: mydb             # Use the MyDB engine
+    schema: "schema.sql"
+    queries: "queries.sql"
+    gen:
+      go:
+        package: db
+        out: db
+```
+
+### Configuration Options
+
+| Field | Description |
+|-------|-------------|
+| `name` | Unique name for the engine (used in `sql[].engine`) |
+| `process.cmd` | Command to run (must be in PATH or absolute path) |
+| `wasm.url` | URL to download WASM module (`file://` or `https://`) |
+| `wasm.sha256` | SHA256 checksum of the WASM module |
+| `env` | Environment variables to pass to the plugin |
+
+## Creating a Go Engine Plugin
+
+### 1. Import the SDK
+
+```go
+import "github.com/sqlc-dev/sqlc/pkg/engine"
+```
+
+### 2. Implement the Handler
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+    "github.com/sqlc-dev/sqlc/pkg/engine"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    engine.Run(engine.Handler{
+        PluginName:        "mydb",
+        PluginVersion:     "1.0.0",
+        Parse:             handleParse,
+        GetCatalog:        handleGetCatalog,
+        IsReservedKeyword: handleIsReservedKeyword,
+        GetCommentSyntax:  handleGetCommentSyntax,
+        GetDialect:        handleGetDialect,
+    })
+}
+```
+
+### 3. Implement Methods
+
+#### Parse
+
+Parses SQL text into statements with AST.
+
+```go
+func handleParse(req *engine.ParseRequest) (*engine.ParseResponse, error) {
+    sql := req.GetSql()
+    // Parse SQL using your database's parser
+
+    return &engine.ParseResponse{
+        Statements: []*engine.Statement{
+            {
+                RawSql:       sql,
+                StmtLocation: 0,
+                StmtLen:      int32(len(sql)),
+                AstJson:      astJSON, // AST encoded as JSON bytes
+            },
+        },
+    }, nil
+}
+```
+
+#### GetCatalog
+
+Returns the initial catalog with built-in types and functions.
+
+```go
+func handleGetCatalog(req *engine.GetCatalogRequest) (*engine.GetCatalogResponse, error) {
+    return &engine.GetCatalogResponse{
+        Catalog: &engine.Catalog{
+            DefaultSchema: "public",
+            Name:          "mydb",
+            Schemas: []*engine.Schema{
+                {
+                    Name: "public",
+                    Functions: []*engine.Function{
+                        {Name: "now", ReturnType: &engine.DataType{Name: "timestamp"}},
+                    },
+                },
+            },
+        },
+    }, nil
+}
+```
+
+#### IsReservedKeyword
+
+Checks if a string is a reserved keyword.
+
+```go
+func handleIsReservedKeyword(req *engine.IsReservedKeywordRequest) (*engine.IsReservedKeywordResponse, error) {
+    reserved := map[string]bool{
+        "select": true, "from": true, "where": true,
+    }
+    return &engine.IsReservedKeywordResponse{
+        IsReserved: reserved[strings.ToLower(req.GetKeyword())],
+    }, nil
+}
+```
+
+#### GetCommentSyntax
+
+Returns supported SQL comment syntax.
+
+```go
+func handleGetCommentSyntax(req *engine.GetCommentSyntaxRequest) (*engine.GetCommentSyntaxResponse, error) {
+    return &engine.GetCommentSyntaxResponse{
+        Dash:      true,  // -- comment
+        SlashStar: true,  // /* comment */
+        Hash:      false, // # comment
+    }, nil
+}
+```
+
+#### GetDialect
+
+Returns SQL dialect information for formatting.
+
+```go
+func handleGetDialect(req *engine.GetDialectRequest) (*engine.GetDialectResponse, error) {
+    return &engine.GetDialectResponse{
+        QuoteChar:   "`",             // Identifier quoting character
+        ParamStyle:  "dollar",        // $1, $2, ...
+        ParamPrefix: "$",             // Parameter prefix
+        CastSyntax:  "cast_function", // CAST(x AS type) or "double_colon" for ::
+    }, nil
+}
+```
+
+### 4. Build and Install
+
+```bash
+go build -o sqlc-engine-mydb .
+mv sqlc-engine-mydb /usr/local/bin/
+```
+
+## Protocol
+
+### Process Plugins (Go)
+
+Process plugins use **Protocol Buffers** for serialization:
+
+```
+sqlc → stdin (protobuf) → plugin → stdout (protobuf) → sqlc
+```
+
+The proto schema is published at `buf.build/sqlc/sqlc` in `engine/engine.proto`.
+
+Methods are invoked as command-line arguments:
+```bash
+sqlc-engine-mydb parse        # stdin: ParseRequest, stdout: ParseResponse
+sqlc-engine-mydb get_catalog  # stdin: GetCatalogRequest, stdout: GetCatalogResponse
+```
+
+### WASM Plugins
+
+WASM plugins use **JSON** for broader language compatibility:
+
+```
+sqlc → stdin (JSON) → wasm module → stdout (JSON) → sqlc
+```
+
+## Full Example
+
+See `examples/plugin-based-codegen/` for a complete engine plugin implementation.
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
+│  sqlc generate                                                  │
+│                                                                 │
+│  1. Read sqlc.yaml                                              │
+│  2. Find engine: mydb → look up in engines[]                    │
+│  3. Run: sqlc-engine-mydb parse < schema.sql                    │
+│  4. Get AST via protobuf on stdout                              │
+│  5. Generate Go code                                            │
+└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
+
+Process Plugin Communication (Protobuf):
+
+    sqlc                          sqlc-engine-mydb
+    ────                          ────────────────
+      │                                  │
+      │──── spawn process ─────────────► │
+      │     args: ["parse"]              │
+      │                                  │
+      │──── protobuf on stdin ─────────► │
+      │     ParseRequest{sql: "..."}     │
+      │                                  │
+      │◄─── protobuf on stdout ───────── │
+      │     ParseResponse{statements}    │
+      │                                  │
+```
+
+## See Also
+
+- [Codegen Plugins](plugins.md) - For custom code generators
+- [Configuration Reference](../reference/config.md)
+- Proto schema: `protos/engine/engine.proto`