FDS Validation Guide: General edits

Manuals/FDS_Validation_Guide/Heat_Flux_Chapter.tex

@@ -51,64 +51,56 @@ \subsection{FM Parallel Panel Experiments}
 
 \subsection{JH/FRA Experiments}
 
-Predicted and measured heat fluxes from 6 compartment fires are shown on the following pages.
-The heat fluxes measured in the quarter and half scale compartments are generally under-predicted by FDS; however, there is better agreement in heat flux predictions in the full-scale.
-However, the heat fluxes in the continuous flaming region near the burner were under-predicted by FDS at all scales.
-Note that all the FDS simulations were performed with a grid resolution such that $D^*/\dx$ was 10-15 at the post-flashover HRR inside the compartment.
+Predicted and measured heat fluxes from six compartment fires are shown on the following pages. The FDS grid resolution is chosen such that $D^*/\dx$ is 10 to 15 during the post-flashover phase.
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
+\begin{figure}[ht]
 \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_01_all_hfg} &
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_02_all_hfg} \\
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_01_all_hfg} &
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_02_all_hfg}
 \end{tabular*}
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_1}
 \caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor 1:4 scale inert lining, Tests 1-2]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor 1:4 scale inert lining configurations, Tests 1-2.}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
+\begin{figure}[ht]
 \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_03_all_hfg} &
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_03A_all_hfg} \\
-%\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_04_all_hfg} \\
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_03_all_hfg} &
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_03A_all_hfg} 
 \end{tabular*}
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_2}
-\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 3 and 3A]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 3 and 3A}
+\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 3 and 3A]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 3 and 3A.}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
+\begin{figure}[ht]
 \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_11_all_hfg} &
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_12_all_hfg} \\
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_11_all_hfg} &
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_12_all_hfg}
 \end{tabular*}
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_3}
-\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, heat flux to ceiling, wall, and floor Tests, Tests 6-7]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 6-7}
+\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, heat flux to ceiling, wall, and floor Tests, Tests 6-7]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 6-7.}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
-\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_13_all_hfg} &
-%\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_14_all_hfg} \\
-\end{tabular*}
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_13_all_hfg}
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_4}
-\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 8]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor Test, 8}
+\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 8]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor Test, 8.}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
+\begin{figure}[ht]
 \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_21_all_hfg} &
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_22_all_hfg} \\
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_21_all_hfg} &
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_22_all_hfg} 
 \end{tabular*}
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_5}
-\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 11-12]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 11-12}
+\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 11-12]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Tests 11-12.}
 \end{figure}
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
-\begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
-\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_23_all_hfg} &
-%\includegraphics[width=0.49\textwidth]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_24_all_hfg} \\
-\end{tabular*}
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+\centering
+\includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/JH_FRA/JH_FRA_compartment_23_all_hfg} 
 \label{JH_FRA_HF_6}
-\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Test 13]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Test 13}
+\caption[JH/FRA corner exp, HF to ceiling, wall, and floor, Test 13]{JH/FRA room corner experiments, heat flux to the ceiling, wall, and floor, Test 13.}
 \end{figure}
 
 
@@ -211,7 +203,7 @@ \subsection{Lattimer Tilted Wall}
 
 Figure~\ref{Lattimer_Tilted_Wall_Heat_Flux1}-\ref{Lattimer_Tilted_Wall_Heat_Flux2} display the predicted vertical profile of heat flux to the tilted wall above a propane fire, compared to the measured values.
 
-\begin{figure}[p]
+\begin{figure}[h]
 \begin{tabular*}{\textwidth}{l@{\extracolsep{\fill}}r}
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Lattimer_Tilted_Wall/lattimer_tilt_50kW_00} &
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Lattimer_Tilted_Wall/lattimer_tilt_50kW_11} \\
@@ -487,15 +479,10 @@ \subsection{NRCC Facade Experiments}
 Figure~\ref{NRCC_Facade_Image} displays the simulation of a 10.3~MW fire inside and outside of a small enclosure. The purpose of the experiment was to measure the heat flux to the exterior facade. The FDS heat flux predictions are made at the location of the green points.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[width=5.0in]{FIGURES/NRCC_Facade/NRCC_Facade_Win_2_10_MW_0467}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \caption[Smokeview rendering of NRCC Facade experiment]
-{Smokeview rendering of one of the NRCC Facade experiments. The door is
-0.94~m by 2.70~m tall (referred to as ``Window 2'' in the comparison plots). The
-fire is 10.3~MW.}
+{Smokeview rendering of one of the NRCC Facade experiments. The door is 0.94~m by 2.70~m tall (referred to as ``Window 2'' in the comparison plots). The fire is 10.3~MW.}
 \label{NRCC_Facade_Image}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -553,8 +540,8 @@ \subsection{NRL/HAI Experiments}
 $D^*/\dx=10$.
 
 \begin{table}[ht]
+\centering
 \caption[Summary of the NRL/HAI Wall Heat Flux Measurements]{Summary of the NRL/HAI Wall Heat Flux Measurements.}
-\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
 \hline
 Test     & $D$     & $D^*$      & $\dot{Q}$   & $Q^*$   & Observed  Flame \\
@@ -569,7 +556,6 @@ \subsection{NRL/HAI Experiments}
 8        & 0.57    & 0.60       &  313        & 0.85    & 2.20            \\ \hline
 9        & 0.70    & 0.74       &  523        & 0.85    & 2.9 (based on 500~\unit{\degreeCelsius})       \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \label{NRL/HAI_Parameters}
 \end{table}
 
@@ -928,9 +914,9 @@ \subsection{WTC Experiments}
 There were a variety of heat flux gauges installed in the test compartment. Most were within 2~m of the fire. Their locations and orientations are listed in Table~\ref{WTC_Gauges}. This section contains the measurements at the floor and ceiling.
 
 \begin{table}[!h]
+\centering
 \caption[Heat flux gauge positions relative to the center of the fire pan in the WTC series]
 {Heat flux gauge positions relative to the center of the fire pan in the WTC series.}
-\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|c|c|l|}
 \hline
 Name    & $x$ (m)   & $y$ (m) & $z$ (m)   & Orientation  & Location              \\ \hline \hline
@@ -949,7 +935,6 @@ \subsection{WTC Experiments}
 HCe3    &  0.80     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
 HCe4    &  2.56     & 0.35    & 3.82      &     $-z$     & Ceiling               \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \label{WTC_Gauges}
 \end{table}
 
@@ -1003,13 +988,9 @@ \subsection{Summary of Wall, Ceiling and Floor Heat Flux Predictions}
 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Scatterplots/FDS_Surface_Heat_Flux}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\caption[Summary of compartment surface heat flux predictions]
-{Summary of surface heat flux predictions.}
+\caption[Summary of compartment surface heat flux predictions]{Summary of surface heat flux predictions.}
 \label{Summary_Surface_Heat_Flux}
 \end{figure}
 
@@ -1113,8 +1094,8 @@ \subsection{Hamins Gas Burner Experiments}
 \subsubsection{Methane Experiments}
 
 \begin{table}[!ht]
+\centering
 \caption[Parameters of the Hamins methane burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins methane burner experiments. The asterisk after the Test No. indicates that natural gas was used as fuel. The soot and CO yields were assumed to be zero.}
-\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
 \hline
 Test      & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &            &          \\
@@ -1150,7 +1131,6 @@ \subsubsection{Methane Experiments}
 29*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 138         &  2.793                &  175.3         & 0.12          & 0.16       & 8.7       \\ \hline
 30*       & 1.0      & 0.79       & 172         &  3.482                &  218.5         & 0.16          & 0.18       & 9.5       \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \label{Hamins_Methane_Table}
 \end{table}
 
@@ -1285,8 +1265,8 @@ \subsubsection{Methane Experiments}
 \subsubsection{Propane Experiments}
 
 \begin{table}[!h]
+\centering
 \caption[Parameters of the Hamins propane burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins propane burner experiments. Note that in all cases, the soot and CO yields were taken to be 0.024 and 0.005, respectively, based on the measurements of Tewarson~\cite{SFPE:Tewarson}.}
-\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
 \hline
 Test     & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &           &           \\
@@ -1326,7 +1306,6 @@ \subsubsection{Propane Experiments}
 33       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 107.9       &  2.326                &  137.3         & 0.10          & 0.17      & 7.9          \\ \hline
 34       & 1.0      & 0.97       & 137.3       &  2.963                &  174.9         & 0.12          & 0.23      & 8.7          \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \label{Hamins_Propane_Table}
 \end{table}
 
@@ -1478,8 +1457,8 @@ \subsubsection{Propane Experiments}
 \subsubsection{Acetylene Experiments}
 
 \begin{table}[ht]
+\centering
 \caption[Parameters of the Hamins acetylene burner experiments]{Parameters of the Hamins acetylene burner experiments. Note that in all cases, the soot and CO yields were taken to be 0.096 and 0.042, respectively, based on the measurements of Tewarson~\cite{SFPE:Tewarson}.}
-\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c||c|c|}
 \hline
 Test     & $D$      & $R_0$      & $\dot{Q}$   &  $\dot{m}$            &  $\dot{Q}''$   &               &         &             \\
@@ -1501,7 +1480,6 @@ \subsubsection{Acetylene Experiments}
 15       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 117.2       &  2.430                &  1218.2        & 1.47         & 0.43     & 16.3             \\ \hline
 16       & 0.35     & 0.69       & 134.7       &  2.790                &  1400.0        & 1.69         & 0.46     & 17.3             \\ \hline
 \end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \label{Hamins_Acetylene_Table}
 \end{table}
 
@@ -2483,13 +2461,9 @@ \subsection{Summary of Target Heat Flux Predictions}
 \label{Target Heat Flux}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Scatterplots/FDS_Target_Heat_Flux}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
-\caption[Summary of target heat flux predictions]
-{Summary of target heat flux predictions.}
+\caption[Summary of target heat flux predictions]{Summary of target heat flux predictions.}
 \end{figure}
 
 
@@ -2515,11 +2489,8 @@ \subsection{BRE Spray Experiments}
 \end{figure}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/BRE_LEMTA_Spray/BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \caption[Comparison of radiation attenuation, BRE and LEMTA Spray experiments]{Comparison of predicted and measured radiation attenuation in the spray experiments at BRE and at LEMTA.}
 \label{BRE_LEMTA_Spray_Attenuation}
 \end{figure}
@@ -2638,11 +2609,8 @@ \subsection{Bouchair Solar Chimney}
 \end{figure}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Scatterplots/FDS_Convective_Heat_Flux}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \caption[Summary of Bouchair Solar Chimney results]{Summary of Bouchair Solar Chimney results.}
 \label{Mass Flow Rate}
 \end{figure}
@@ -2674,14 +2642,11 @@ \subsection{FM Burner Experiments}
 \end{figure}
 
 \begin{figure}[p]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{c}
+\centering
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/Radiant_Fraction_20p9} \\
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/Radiant_Fraction_19p0} \\
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/Radiant_Fraction_16p8} \\
 \includegraphics[height=2.15in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/FM_Burner/Radiant_Fraction_15p2}
-\end{tabular}
-\end{center}
 \caption[FM Burner experiments, radiant fraction]
 {FM Burner experiments, radiant fraction for four oxygen levels.}
 \label{FM_Burner_Radiant_Fraction}
@@ -2699,12 +2664,9 @@ \subsection{SETCOM Experiments}
 The following plot shows the results of modeling the SETCOM experiments.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
-        \begin{center}
-                \begin{tabular}{c}
-                        \includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Scatterplots/FDS_Condensation}
-                \end{tabular}
-        \end{center}
-        \caption[Summary of SETCOM results]{Summary of SETCOM results.}
-        \label{SETCOM_summary}
+\centering
+\includegraphics[height=4in]{SCRIPT_FIGURES/Scatterplots/FDS_Condensation}
+\caption[Summary of SETCOM results]{Summary of SETCOM results.}
+\label{SETCOM_summary}
 \end{figure}