diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/config.yml b/lib/graph_data_validation/config.yml
index f1b62c277..6a70305a7 100644
--- a/lib/graph_data_validation/config.yml
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/config.yml
@@ -1,4 +1,10 @@
 dataset_collections:
+  emissions_1990_validation:
+    - nl2023
+    - nl2019
+    - DE_germany
+    - UKNI01_northern_ireland
+
   countries:
     - AT_austria
     - BEGM11002_antwerpen
diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/datasets.rb b/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/datasets.rb
index 0d89e71d2..c48701a92 100644
--- a/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/datasets.rb
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/datasets.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ def initialize(*area_codes, env: :dev)
       if env == :dev
         Settings.etsource_lazy_load_dataset = true
         Atlas.data_dir = Etsource::Base.clean_path(File.expand_path("../etsource"))
+        Etsource::Loader.instance.clear!(:gqueries)
       end
 
       # Silently reject unexisting areas
diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/emissions_csv_reconciler.rb b/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/emissions_csv_reconciler.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..669e32486
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/lib/emissions_csv_reconciler.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module GraphDataValidation
+  class EmissionsCsvReconciler
+    def initialize(dataset)
+      @emissions = Atlas::Dataset.find(dataset.scenario.area_code).emissions
+    end
+
+    # Returns the 1990 inventory total in Mt for the given GHG types,
+    # excluding bunkers rows and negating LULUCF removals (stored as positive
+    # values in the CSV but representing a carbon sink).
+    def total_mt(ghgs:)
+      @emissions.table.sum do |row|
+        next 0.0 unless row[:year] == 1990 && ghgs.include?(row[:ghg])
+        next 0.0 if row[:etm_sector].to_s.casecmp?('bunkers')
+
+        value = row[:value].to_f
+        removal = row[:etm_sector].to_s.casecmp?('lulucf') &&
+          row[:etm_subsector].to_s.casecmp?('removals')
+        removal ? -value : value
+      end / 1000.0
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/dataset_spec.rb b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/dataset_spec.rb
index 8ef904222..b0befe307 100644
--- a/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/dataset_spec.rb
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/dataset_spec.rb
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@
     end
   end
 end
+
diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/emissions_1990_spec.rb b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/emissions_1990_spec.rb
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c5a0d693
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/emissions_1990_spec.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+require_relative 'spec_helper'
+require_relative '../lib/datasets'
+require_relative '../lib/emissions_csv_reconciler'
+require_relative 'validation/emissions'
+
+describe 'Validating 1990 emissions inventory' do
+  GraphDataValidation::Datasets.from_collection(:emissions_1990_validation).each do |dataset|
+    context "with area_code #{dataset.scenario.area_code}" do
+      it_behaves_like 'emissions_1990_reconciliation', dataset
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/validation/emissions.rb b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/validation/emissions.rb
index 8101c625f..c9fe978b2 100644
--- a/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/validation/emissions.rb
+++ b/lib/graph_data_validation/spec/validation/emissions.rb
@@ -20,3 +20,39 @@
   end
 end
 
+RSpec.shared_examples('emissions_1990_reconciliation') do |dataset|
+  reconciler = GraphDataValidation::EmissionsCsvReconciler.new(dataset)
+
+  context 'with 1990 CO2 emissions' do
+    queried_mt =
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_co2_1990)') -
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_bunkers_co2_1990)')
+    expected_mt = reconciler.total_mt(ghgs: %w[co2])
+
+    it 'matches emissions.csv (excluding bunkers)' do
+      expect(queried_mt).to be_within((0.001 * expected_mt) + 1e-6).of(expected_mt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with 1990 other greenhouse gas emissions' do
+    queried_mt =
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_other_ghg_1990)') -
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_bunkers_other_ghg_1990)')
+    expected_mt = reconciler.total_mt(ghgs: %w[other_ghg])
+
+    it 'matches emissions.csv (excluding bunkers)' do
+      expect(queried_mt).to be_within((0.001 * expected_mt) + 1e-6).of(expected_mt)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with 1990 total greenhouse gas emissions' do
+    queried_mt =
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_total_ghg_1990)') -
+      dataset.query('present:Q(direct_emissions_bunkers_total_ghg_1990)')
+    expected_mt = reconciler.total_mt(ghgs: %w[co2 other_ghg])
+
+    it 'matches emissions.csv (excluding bunkers)' do
+      expect(queried_mt).to be_within((0.001 * expected_mt) + 1e-6).of(expected_mt)
+    end
+  end
+end